Article critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Evaluate - Article Example The point of this article is to feature how the endoscopic technique can help in distinguishing proof and treatment of sub-gingival analytics. Despite the fact that the endoscopic method is seen as a proficient gadget in periodontal infection, it has a few deficiencies that can't be disregarded. For instance, the aftereffects of Michaud et al. indicated that the endoscope doesn't give any profit in root arranging and scaling systems in tooth rootedness (Osborn et al., 2014). The innovation of periodontal endoscopic has given an answer for different issues related with conventional recognition of analytics, and gives a choice in the clinical setting. The innovation empowers the sub-gingival video picture to be shown on a proximate locator. As expressed by Osborn et al. (2014), the picture can be amplified 24x to 48x their genuine size, depending on the situation of the focal point and the item under perception (p.230). The article exhibits how the gadget can be utilized for an away from of sub-gingival math. The examination was a clinical analysis. It was directed to contrast aftereffects of periodontal and without the assistance of periscope in patients with periodontitis destinations. The insights were investigated in an elucidating method of standard and mean deviation. The outcomes were examined to allow separation of 11-12 ODU wayfarer analytics and periscope. The degree of math was inspected using the Endoscopic Calculus Index that was created by Ch ecchi et al. (p.231). So as to save the closeness in analytics lists, the material math location utilizing 11-12ODU voyager, utilized a changed adaptation of the file. The patients were given two arrangements; six and eight-week re-assessment meetings. The discoveries demonstrated that the periscope recognized numerous locales that couldn't be uncovered by the wayfarer. The consequences of endoscopic uncovered a reduction in surface territory of the analytics contrasted with material wayfarer alone. In addition, the endoscope made it simpler

Essay on Sexual Addiction

Exposition on Sexual Addiction Exposition on Sexual Addiction Exposition on Sexual AddictionToday, experts have presumably that sex can be the object of fixation simply like food, shopping or betting, liquor abuse or chronic drug use. In situations when an individual turns out to be explicitly dependent personal connections become the cornerstone, while all life needs discreetly blur away from plain sight and in the end vanish out and out. The main occupation an individual dedicates one’s own vitality and contemplations to is the making progress toward joy, unending want to encounter exotic joy. Thus, sexual habit prompts the loss of capacity to control musings, emotions and actions.The physiological premise of compulsion comprises in the way that sex and love incite the creation of indistinguishable synthetic compounds in the mind from heroin and cocaine do, and in this manner individuals experiencing sexual fixation acquire from sex a similar encounter that medication addicts get from medications, and heavy drinkers from liquor: incred ibly charming sensations, unique to whatever else in their lives. Sexual connections become for them the best way to lift the soul. From the angle of mental roots, the addicts use sex so as to stifle such sentiments as trouble, outrage, nervousness or dread, just as dispose of the weight of regular day to day existence. Ebb and flow perceptions show that this need is extraordinary to the point that explicitly addictive individuals, similar to heavy drinkers, are practically incapable to oppose their compulsion, and along these lines the development of the ailment ought not be socially advocated by hypersexuality or rewarded as libertinism, another sexual issue. Further in this paper, we will endeavor to draw this line, thinking about the study of disease transmission, causes and course of sexual habit, just as will talk about conceivable remedial solutions.Understanding sexual dependence: symptomatology and causesSexuality is a basic human need, a wellspring of delight and positive feelings. In any case, this is just a piece of life, one of the numerous human needs, and a great many people don't put it to the front line among the others. Concordance is disregarded for the situation when for some explanation, one of the requirements, for this situation sexual, turns into a fixation, increases contorted shapes and subordinates all person’s contemplations and actions.However, where is the line recognizing the ordinary human requirement for sex from a craziness? From one viewpoint, as Karila et al. (2014, p. 4018) state in their examination, a few experts since quite a while ago used to prevent the presence from claiming sexual enslavement as a psychological issue and rather credited it to libertinism. Then again, the contrasts among indiscrimination and commitment in the debased types of sexual relations and fixation as such are very self-evident. Specifically, likewise to different sorts of fixation, sexual habit is described by such primary side effects as the powerlessness to control one’s own sexual motivations, fixations on sex thoughts, failure to state â€Å"no’ and indiscrimination of decision (Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002, p. 145-47; Schaeffer, 2009, p. 154-55). As Karila et al. (2014, p. 4019) properly put it, paying little heed to the specific sort of sexual conduct, it transforms into fixation when it picks up components of impulsiveness and complete dismissal for the consequences.In thusly, sexual dependence ought to be comprehended as a habitual sexual conduct that is subliminally used to accomplish mental solace and delight. Sex compulsion side effects are showed in (Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002; Giugliano, 2003; Karila et al. 2014; Schaeffer, 2009):implicit passionate prominence and mental instability,low level of good values,regular uncontrolled sexual driving forces emerging out of nowhere and not wiped out by the endeavors of will and intellect,gradual increment in the recurrence of sexual impulses ,signs of â€Å"withdrawals† (forbearance disorder) after a short abstinencepenchant for easygoing sex with strangers,inability to keep up a long correspondence and sex with the equivalent partnerpersons’ wildness in different circles of life.In along these lines, for a sexual someone who is addicted sex is the main significant and wanted thing throughout everyday life, in which one can communicate autonomy and common abilities, just as to state in the public arena. Nonetheless, the quantity of sexual accomplices increments along with a feeling of internal vacancy (Giugliano, 2003, p. 181). Considering an individual of the other gender just as an article for sexual fulfillment, addicts show up not to have the option to manufacture long haul connections or experience passionate security in existing interchanges. Powerlessness to satisfy the inexorably prospering sexual dreams regularly prompts animosity, fractiousness, abrupt state of mind changes, and discouragement (G iugliano, 2003; Riemersma Sytsma, 2013).In psychoanalytic comprehension, the premise of sexual enslavement is all-expending uneasiness (Giugliano, 2003; Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002; Matã ©, 2012). As indicated by Giugliano (2003, p. 179), this uneasiness frequently starts in the turmoil of sexual structure of character: for instance, in the sexual requirement for concealment of agonizing sentiments during early sexual injury, just as for defeating the condition of juvenile fierceness, sorrow, or anhedonia (aggravation and disappointment). Reasons of sexoholism can be not kidding mental issues identified with youth assault, fruitless first sexual experience, parents’ sexual unfortunate behavior and contorted arrangement of needs (Matã ©, 2012, p. 58-61). Hence, basing on 2012 research of youth injury by Gabor Matã ©, the components liable for the improvement of sexual enslavement for ladies might be, for instance, mother’s interminable sadness and hyperstimulating sexualized relationship with father. On account of men, these may be debasing and dismissing parental figures, particularly mother, decisive exemption of the kid from parental love relationships.In general, expects concur that the absence of adoration, care, and consideration from guardians, and particularly mother, affects the development of future examples of conduct with the other gender (Giugliano, 2003; Matã ©, 2012; Schaeffer, 2009). A â€Å"underloved† kid who needed love, delicate mother kisses and embraces thinks that its hard to feel sure about grown-up life even with a decent standpoint. Such individuals with low confidence continually feel the craving to stand up for themselves to the detriment of consideration of the other gender. Men will in general demonstrate to each new accomplice, to themselves as well as other people their capacity and â€Å"sexual might†; ladies overcoming another man subliminally search for affirmation. In this way, degenerate per sonal conduct standards for the most part structure as a reaction to mental injury, and have a genuinely solid propensity to form into an undeniable addiction.Dealing with sexual addiction:epidemiology, hazard gatherings, and their most normal conduct patternsThus, various examinations guarantee that today about 6% of individuals are fixated on the consistent thought of sex (Karila et al. 2014, p. 4013). It ought to be noticed that the most or about 70% of sexoholics who look for talented clinical assistance are men (Riemersma Sytsma, 2013, p. 307). As Riemersma and Sytsma (2013, p. 309) portray it, a regular picture of a sexual someone who is addicted is a hetero man in his forties, wedded (or having a lasting accomplice), an expert who leads a serious typical life in every other viewpoint. Simultaneously, the circumstance with recognizing conditions among ladies is uncomfortable. As per specialists, because of the still-safeguarded arrangement of twofold gauges, they frequently do n't concede having any disarranges and don't look for clinical assistance. By the by, the quantity of ladies encountering consistent overwhelming requirement for sex isn't under 30% and shows fast development as of late (Riemersma Sytsma, 2013, p. 312).According to Giugliano (2003), a few people are more inclined to compulsion than others. For instance, such characteristics may show that the individual can get snared on sex: suggestibility and impersonation, interest and the consistent quest for new sensations, chance craving and adventurism, dread of dejection (Young, 2008, p. 23-26). As per Matã © (2012); perceptions, potential sexoholics frequently have uncomfortable relationship with the parent of the other gender. Reliance is regularly incited by an emergency circumstance like, for instance, a disloyalty when the beguiled accomplice looks to separate oneself from torment by utilizing one of the examples of degenerate sexual conduct (Schaeffer, 2009, p. 159).In general, therapi sts recognize 12 practices that are regularly connected with sex fixation (basing on Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002; Giugliano, 2003; Karila et al., 2014; Riemersma Sytsma, 2013; and Schaeffer, 2009):Compulsive masturbation coming to sometimes multiple times a day,Numerous sex and extramarital sexual relations, an appeal for sexual intercourse,Promiscuity in sexual accomplices, visit â€Å"one night† relationships,Obtrusive use and viewing of explicit materials, pornophilia,Sex with outsiders without utilizing condoms and other contraception and insurance against STDs,Phone sex, consistent investment in sexual discussions on the Internet and social networks,Obsessive dating through electronic and ordinary dating services,Frequent utilization of whores or gigolos,Exhibitionism,Voyeurism (watching others have sex),Sexual badgering and sexual abuse,Propensity for sexual maltreatment and interbreeding, and other paraphilias.If a person’s conduct coordinates at any rate four of the above side effects, there is high likelihood that an individual is a sexual fanatic (Karila et al., 2014, p. 4015).Essay on  Sexual Addiction section 2

Birth control Essay Example for Free

Conception prevention Essay Premature birth isn't right and low housands of ladies all through the world get premature births each year. The choice to have a fetus removal is life changing and can enormously affect a womans future wellbeing and prosperity. The purposes behind having a fetus removal differ from lady to lady. The way that a lady has even needed to consider having a fetus removal can be all by itself exceptionally upsetting inwardly. A few ladies experience a gigantic liberating sensation, while others may have sentiments of blame, outrage or significant trouble. For most ladies these emotions bit by bit improve and stop to be after a brief timeframe; in any case, for a little rate, they may turn out to be considerably more articulated or genuine and for a far longer timeframe. The more certain a lady is about her choice to end her pregnancy, the less her odds will be of creating passionate or mental issues. Similar remains constant for ladies who have companions and additionally family to offer help previously, during and after this sincerely trying time. Passionate issues following a premature birth will in general be progressively pervasive among ladies who have been recently determined to have discouragement, tension issue or other emotional well-being issues. Additionally noted at higher danger of creating wretchedness are adolescents, isolated or separated from ladies, and ladies with a background marked by more than one fetus removal. It isn't strange for a lady to encounter a scope of frequently conflicting feelings in the wake of having a premature birth, similarly as it would not be uncommon for a lady who conveyed her unintended pregnancy to term. There is no correct method to feel after a premature birth. Sentiments of bliss, misery, tension sadness or help are normal. Furnishing ladies with an outlet for examining their sentiments is the initial move toward the way toward accomplishing enthusiastic prosperity following a fetus removal. Promotions by Google Most specialists concur that the negative sentiments a lady may have after a premature birth might be because of a negative response by her accomplice, companions or relatives, who may pass judgment on her adversely for having a fetus removal or for getting pregnant in any case. Research contemplates show that enthusiastic reactions to legitimately instigated fetus removal are to a great extent positive. They likewise demonstrate that passionate issues coming about because of fetus removal are uncommon and less successive than those following labor. Most investigations over the most recent 25 years have seen premature birth as a generally considerate strategy as far as passionate impact with the exception of when pre-fetus removal enthusiastic issues exist or when a needed pregnancy is ended, for example, after indicative hereditary testing. While most premature birth suppliers offer post fetus removal guiding or directing referral sources,

“The Chrysanthemums”: An Early Depiction of Gender’s Role :: Literary Analysis, John Steinbeck

The conventional job of ladies in the American culture has changed as society has drifted towards sexual balance. In the past ladies were relied upon to be accommodating to the man and were viewed as homemakers rather then suppliers. Cutting edge ladies appreciate the opportunity of distinction and are considered as fit as men in numerous respects. John Steinbeck’s short story, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums,† depicts a woman’s battle with tolerating her life and job as a female (459). Through the hero female character, Elisa Allen, and the imagery of chrysanthemums, Steinbeck shows the sex jobs that characterize past ages of women’s lives in the United States. Elisa Allen epitomizes the picture of a basic lady anxious to get away from the bounds of a sexual orientation characterized job in the public eye. Perusers are acquainted with Elisa as a multi year old, resilient lady living with her better half, Henry, on a farm in Salinas Valley (Steinbeck 460). Elisa’s manliness is featured from the clothing she is wearing to the quality in her grasp. Henry avows that Elisa is fit in her undertakings when he states, â€Å"you’ve got a blessing with things,† concerning her nursery (Steinbeck 460). Despite the fact that Elisa is charmed at Henry’s recommendation that she work in the plantation, the thought doesn't appear to get a doubt (Steinbeck 460). The possibility of a lady working in the plantation is excused on the reason that the plantation isn't a woman’s place. In Elisa’s account with the man in the wagon, her sexuality oozes in her realistic clarification of taking out the blossom buds and being u nder the stars, to the point that she genuinely contacts the man (Steinbeck 463). Her longing would go unsatisfied, as it would not be suitable for her to follow up on her motivation. Elisa is looking for satisfaction throughout everyday life except sees her job as minor. Charmed by voyaging, as the man of honor in the wagon does, she states, â€Å"It must be decent. I wish ladies could do such things.† She is shot down as the man answers, â€Å"It ain’t the correct sort of a life for a woman† (Steinbeck 464). This discussion plainly delineates the pervasive disparity of the genders. Moreover, when the man leaves in the train Elisa concretes her inclination for something else, watching out at the skyline murmuring, â€Å"That’s a brilliant bearing. There’s a sparkling there† (Steinbeck 464-465).

Ingredients for a Love Story

Romantic tales bring out probably the most impressive feelings from perusers. Love is a feeling that can't be clarified in a deterministic condition. Extraordinary love storiesâ are works that make the peruser experience something that reverberates with what individuals want throughout everyday life. Romantic tales remind the perusers that adoration is something so incredible that it merits relinquishing for. Incredible romantic tales depict what it feels like to be separated from everyone else, what it feels like to meet the individual who can transform you. By the day's end, love is something worth sacrifice.Love stories show that expectation can be found in an in any case sad world or circumstance. I accept that affection between two individuals is in a general sense a lovely thing. Characters:â In an extraordinary romantic tale, the vast majority will here and there have the option to identify with one of the primary characters in the story. This isolates an individual record from one that portrays the human condition. Characters that are to some degree defective, however in any case great individuals are an incredible method to prevail upon a crowd of people. Conflict:â No incredible romantic tale is depicted without conflict.The strife must not be overpowering that it surpasses the significance of the story. An excess of contention transforms the story into a something that is situational driven and plot driven instead of character driven. Sacrifice: Nobody ought to have the option to have it all throughout everyday life. Why? Individuals can't identify with flawlessness since individuals are imperfect. The penance in the story, while might be overstated from an exacting point of view, should feel like something individuals have felt in there life from a passionate level.This will draw the consideration of the peruser to feel what they felt in their life. Incredible romantic tales will depict the ideal penance, with certain mix-ups included. Plot:  A incredible romantic tale is the ideal mix of plot and feeling. It is hard to completely draw in a peruser without a plot. It's practically difficult to fabricate strain between characters if the plot is the principle main thrust of the story. Extraordinary romantic tales ride the agreement among individuals and the occasions that happen to them.Concluding Thoughts:  I've attempted to portray what an incredible romantic tale is in the theoretical sense in this answer. For solid instances of some extraordinary instances of some genuinely incredible romantic tales and what makes them extraordinary see Cristina Hartmann's and Anon User's answers to Literature: What are a portion of the extraordinary romantic tales in artistic history? At the point when they wake up on their wedding morning, Romeo is set up to remain as long as Juliet needs, at a mind-blowing danger. Juliet is set up to chance passing on from the mixture so as to get an opportunity of living with Romeo.

Christian Ethics Vs. U.S. Supreme Court - Free Essay Example

Introduction I would like to approach how we view our judicial system in the United States of America; while tackling the use of Christian ethics in the process. This can be a very sensitive issue when it comes any court of law. Our nation was founded under the principle of taking an oath before God before approaching any proceeding. Do, how much of Christian Ethics is applied to how we conduct proceedings? I will first describe how Christian Theology has molded our court systems into what it is known to be today. Then, I will attempt to explain how the Judiciary Law was come to change over the years. The position that I hope to substantiate is our approach as Christians to sentencing and court structure. When do we allow God to administer true justice or sentencing? Is it our responsibility to judge others, or is it the Lord’s decision to make? Christian Ethics As described in this course, Christian Ethics is considered a form of Christian theology that defines a person’s behavior or improper behavior from a Christian perspective. This theological study of Christian ethics is also known as moral theology. Biblical Christian ethics is something that can’t be separated from theolog. Simply because it is grounded in the Word of God. The Purpose of Christian Ethics is to determine what is reflective or confirms God’s character and core principles. Without the divine direction of Christ, how are we justified in our decision making? The gospels clearly discern the difference between good and evil. God’s ethical order and commandments are the only true source of morality. Christian Ethics is an expansion of the moral order that was spoken over all of God’s creations. When Adam and Eve resided in the Garden of Eden, God gave them specific rules to abide by. Genesis 2: 16-17 reads, â€Å"16 And the Lord God commanded the man, â€Å"You are free to eat from any tree in the garden; but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat from it you will certainly die.† [Holy Bible, New International Version.] Also, the prophets and apostles chosen by God (The New Testament) were led and convicted by the Holy Spirit to write the gospels. This further attests to the truth that God gave us rules to abide by on Earth. As Christians we recognize the truth of God’s law. We must try our best to live our lives obeying it. A responsible man, or righteous man, will try to make his life dedicated to answer the call of God. U.S. Supreme Court High Court’s often have decisions concerning religion in many ways. Everyone has heard the term â€Å"separation of church and state.† Derek H. Davis, [(Aug 2016)]. This is frequently used to describe the relationship between federal and state law when compared to religion. This term is often used when compared to how often the church and state often interact with each other within the courtroom. There is a huge misconception that the Supreme Court constantly seeks separation between church and state. The simple fact is that nothing can be farther from the truth. The court system often tends to sanction state support of secular activities; which can arise in a within religious context. This is also while denying state aid to the considered sacred components of religious activity. Equality has always been considered the main pillar of American democracy. The founding fathers of our nation did not uphold equality as the main goal of the religion clauses though. The concept was created as a byproduct of deeper ideals. For example, the sanctioning religious pluralism along with providing equal access to the government office. The separation of church and state was really the center of how religion, and how state activity interacted in the United States. The court always carefully crafted a jurisprudence that rarely imposes on this kind of behavior. When looking at Supreme Court religion cases a little deeper; several philosophical lenses where used as powerful guides to understand a lot of court decisions when they were often considered highly co mplex. The United States Supreme Court has always played a huge role when it comes to the respect of religious institutions practice. The court’s jurisprudence basically has constructed the interpreted the meaning of the First Amendment. Provisions generally were divided into two clauses. The first clause in mention is the Establishment Clause; followed by the Free Exercise Clause. Religious cases were addressed by the Supreme Court since it was first convened in 1790. A large majority of those cases have been decided only since the beginning of 1940. That is solely due to the court’s adoption of the incorporation doctrine in the twentieth century prior. The court had considered religion to be under the jurisdiction of the states only. Also, the incorporation of the Federal Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment had changed as well. The United States system of judicial law is one of very strict separation between church and state. In some respects, this depiction can only be described as an overstatement. The separation of church and state is a traditional way of describing the relationship between religion and state in the American judicial system. This term itself is almost too broad to properly describe the whole system in its entirety though. American tradition in the respect to the separation of church and state does not necessarily mean that a separation of religion from government is required. The US Supreme Court has often requested an examination of the eighteenth-century Founding Fathers writings to ascertain its relationship. The court has also relied on the writings of Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence and the nation’s third president, to determine what the founder’s original intent of that very term. The phrase â€Å"wall of separation between church and state† was first used by President Jefferson in 1802. It was a shorthand explanation of the meaning he assigned to religion clauses. This phrase later was enlisted by the US Supreme Court in 1947 to be used as a formal definition. The court itself acknowledges that separating church and state was key to the founders’ original vision. Also, one of the most detrimental meanings of the separation of church and state is that the state is prohibited to shape, direct, or frame the religious beliefs of any American citizen. A person might believe that what is not tru e, or maybe even being manipulated into believing something that is false. This is a conflict of interest and a form of manipulation. The Supreme Court still cannot protect an individual on religions choices or views. The institutional form of separating the church and state is viewed most frequently in judicial decisions that limit religious activity in the public schools. The Supreme Court’s decision to limit a schools’ ability to entertain vocal prayers and scripture readings is one of its most notable. Ten Commandments, religious texts, or to advance a religious worldview are intended to protect and uphold the sacred domain of religion. This is a conflict of interest to the The High Court. It is often stressed that children are highly impressionable and may be permissible for the state occasionally to accommodate religious observances. Also, higher public education settings are instructed to leave the religious training of young children to parents. Religious bodies, and other private organizations are considered the proper outlet for school children. It is very important to remember that public s chools and institutions are where children begin their journey with social interaction and individuality. So, it is evident that courses that teach comparative religion, or literary aspects of religion are considered permitted. I can understand how the government should not intrude on those principles. The institutional separation of church and states has been somewhat experimental throughout human history. American society has always operated with the assumption that government should be the moral agent. In ancient history it was considered custom for the government to sponsor religious worship and proceedings. This was in the hopes of instilling morality into the local citizens. The American founders were convinced that a successful nation would not need the assistance to teach or lead its’ citizens with moral projection. They believed that moral training and values must come from the faith of the community, and not government. The Establishment Clause was the founders attempt to remove the government from directing the religious views of citizens. Mimicking that same notion; The Free Exercise Clause reflected the very same intentions of putting religion in the hands of the citizens. This is a perfect example of our nation giving its citizens the right to choose their own religious preference. As a Nation, The United States of America still struggles with this very aspect of law to this day. Conclusion Christian Ethics is something that has always been at the forefront of our culture. From the beginning of our creation, to the beginning of civilization, the Word of God has always been right there guiding us. As Christians we are to recognize the truth of God’s law and abide by it. Romans 13:1-7 reads, â€Å"Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore, whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is Gods servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out Gods wrath on the wrongdoer. Therefore, one must be in subjection, not only to avoid Gods wrath but also for the sake of conscience.† [Holy Bible, New International Version]. There may be large halls of government, political figures, celebrities, and even the rich and powerful. We are all held accountable if we do not lean on Gods’ understanding. We must all sacrifice everything and follow Jesus. Our law system may not have upheld those truths in the beginning, but the Word of God will never be denied. Grace and mercy is what the Holy Spirit shows us, so why is humanity so merciless to others? He must continue to pray for one another and love each other with a heart of Christ in order to receive forgiveness. It is very difficult to live in a secular word and exercise a biblical worldview. This is only because we are taught not to impose on someone else’s beliefs. I completely understand that, but maybe that is the issue. We spend so much time worried that we are going to offend someone that we never take the time to ask. If we only could stand firm in what we believe in, and respect other peoples’ beliefs, maybe we could get somewhere. To me that would be an excellent opportunity to work out our differences as a nation. As Christians it is our duty to bring people back to Christ. Our worldview should always reflect one of peace, grace, favor, and mercy. Understanding someone else’s situation is not the same thing as tolerating wrong doing. God is the divine one; who are we to judge? Bibliography Holy Bible, New International Version ®, NIV ® Copyright  ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 Francis Schaeffer, â€Å"Christian Faith and Human Rights,† Simon Greenleaf Law Review, 2 (1982-3), 5. Jones, Michael S. Moral Reasoning: An Intentional Approach to Distinguishing Right from Wrong. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt, 2017. Joan Windmill Brown, ed., The Martyred Christian (New York, NY: Macmillan, 1985), 157. Derek H. Davis, Religion and Politics, Religion in America Online Publication Date: Aug 2016

How to Write a Policy Brief (2020 Guide)

How to Write a Policy Brief (2019 Guide) Table of Contents1 What is a Policy Brief?2 How to Write a Policy Brief2.1 Step 1   Consider Your Audience2.2 Step 2 Tone and Terminology2.3 Step 3 Purpose2.4 Step 4 Use Headings2.5 Step 5 Keep Brief Focused3 Policy Brief Format3.1 Title3.2 Executive Summary3.3 Context/Scope of Problem3.4 Policy Options3.5 Policy Recommendation(s)3.6 Appendices3.7 Sources3.8 Headers3.9 Questions to Ask4 Policy Brief Template5 Policy Brief Example5.1 Executive Summary Example5.2 Scope of the Problem Example5.3 Policy Options Example5.4 Policy Recommendation Example5.5 Sources6 Conclusion The boss has to make a decision—cut funding or not? What are the practical ramifications either way? With the help of a policy brief, the boss can see what the issues are. A policy brief is like a fine filter that distills the essence of the subject to its fine points. When the boss has to act, he has to know the facts—and that’s where policy brief writing comes into play. This article will look at how to write and format a policy brief. We’ll include a policy brief template that you can download as well. Plus, we’ll give you an example policy brief so you can see exactly what they look like. What is a Policy Brief? A policy brief is a type of paper that delivers concise, summative information to a reader who needs to know all the necessary info but who is neither a specialist in the subject area nor has his mind made up one way or another. Many professionals and administrators rely on policy briefs because they don’t have time to research key issues and areas on their own. Policy advisors will write up a brief so that the leader can make a decision based on accurate information. A typical policy brief will be a page or two in length. Leaders want information fast. They don’t have time to sit down and read a 12 page article, parse out the important parts, and reflect on what they’ve read. The policy brief writer has to do the reflecting for the reader. It should present conclusions—not ideas for generating interest and further research. How to Write a Policy Brief Step 1   Consider Your Audience First, consider the audience. Policy briefs are not always going to be written for one’s boss. Sometimes they are written for a general readership audience who has a particular stake in the subject. For example, a policy brief could be written for congressmen, for investors, for consumers, or for regulators. For the brief to be effective, it has to be written with a specific audience in mind. Every audience is likely to have a different background on the subject—so tailoring the brief to meet the needs of the audience is highly important. If you don’t know the audience, get to know them. That will allow you to target specific areas based upon the readers’ needs. The more you know about the audience, the more effective you can make the policy brief. Tips for getting to know your audience: Ask questions. Find out what your readers already know. Discuss possibilities for the brief. Find out what your reader is looking for in the policy brief. Brainstorm with others to make sure all aspects are tackled. Step 2 Tone and Terminology Second, consider the use of tone and terminology. A policy brief is not an academic article though it may sound like one. The tone should be informational but not high-brow. Assume the reader is not well-versed in the â€Å"jargon† used by professionals and scholars who write about your subject. Keep the terms simple. Even if your audience is knowledgeable, you don’t have to spruce up the writing by adopting the lexicon of a scholar. Simple and direct is best. Less is more. Tips for considering the use of tone and terminology: Have the brief proofread by someone whom you consider to be an average reader. If the brief is difficult for that reader to understand, tone down the technical language and use more simple phrases and concepts. Step 3 Purpose Third, consider the purpose of the policy brief. What is the aim? The aim is to help the reader decide on a direction to pursue. The writer of the policy brief does not have to make the decision for the reader—but it does have to explain the options and the likely outcomes of each. The policy brief should thus provide background information on the issue, the various strategies that could be applied, the pros and cons of each, and which approach is likely to be the most beneficial. The best policy brief will propose a solution to an issue that can be solved at the level of policy. Tips for considering the purpose of the policy brief: Understand what the reader needs. Ask pointed and specific questions to make sure you grasp the exact purpose for the brief. Create an outline to help guide you in writing the policy brief. The outline will help you to stay on topic and on target. Step 4 Use Headings Use headings to structure the report. The policy brief should be easy to read—and that means it should be organized. The reader will want to be able to identify the most important parts of the brief easily by scanning the headings. Headings should be focused, clear and to the point. Headings are like road signs that show the reader where he is in the brief. For more information on this, see below for our policy brief format. Tips for structuring the report: Don’t try to reinvent the wheel. Every policy brief should follow a basic template (ours is supplied below). Use headers wisely by using them to draw attention to key sections in the brief. Step 5 Keep Brief Focused Keep the brief focused on the main issue. Do not get sidelined with noise or background information. Digressions have no place in a policy brief. For that reason, the policy brief should be specific and should be restricted to one subject only. Identify the problem you want to address at the outset and make sure it is a problem that can be addressed by the implementation of some policy. Problems should not be broad or general but rather specific and defined. Tips for keeping the brief focused: Follow your outline. Edit your policy brief and remove all extraneous material that does not adhere to the outline you created. Have the brief proofread by someone who is familiar with the issues to make sure it stays on topic and addresses all the necessary points. Policy Brief Format Title The title should effectively communicate the subject of the policy brief. It should also be memorable so that the brief can easily be remembered and turned to when the issue addressed in the brief comes up. A policy brief with a poor title will not stay long in the mind of the reader. Executive Summary The executive summary is where you summarize the main points of the policy brief. It should not be any longer than a paragraph or two. Here you can briefly give an overview of what the report states, what the problem is and how it can be addressed via policy. Context/Scope of Problem This section will be the start of the policy brief proper. It is where the main problem is described and the need for policy to be developed and implemented. This section essentially spells out why policy is required. Policy Options In this section, the different options that the policy makers can pursue are explained. This section should just include the facts about the different policy options that could be used. It should represent each option fairly and objectively, with pros and cons for each. Policy Recommendation(s) In this section, specific steps should be given to explain what policy should be used to answer the problem. The policy recommendation should be explained and then it should be defined how it can be implemented. A concrete plan for implementation should be included. Appendices In this section, extra materials can be supplied the reader to help expand on any points made earlier in the policy brief. These add-ons can be used to explain why the policy recommendation is appropriate or to provide supporting facts. Sources In this section, the reader can see what sources of information the writer used or consulted when writing the policy brief. Headers Headers should be used to separate the sections of the policy brief. Headers should be specific and clear so that each section can be easily identified. Headers should be centered or left justified and bolded so that they can be quickly seen by the reader. Questions to Ask What is the nature of the problem? How big is the problem? What falls within its scope? Who is affected by the problem? Who can play a part in addressing the problem? Policy Brief Template Title [You title goes here and should indicate the subject of the policy brief.] Executive Summary [Your executive summary goes here. This should explain what is to come in the policy brief, point by point. The problem, the options and the recommendations should all be described here.] Scope of Problem [This is where you describe the main problem that the policy brief is to address. The problem should be defined clearly. The need for a solution should be evident. Some connection should be made between the research you have conducted and the issue that the policy makers have to address.] Policy Options [This is where you describe the various policy options that could be used to solve the problem. This is where your research should come into play especially. The current policy should be described in this section. The different alternatives should also be explained here.] Policy Recommendations [Here the writer makes recommendations about what policy should be pursued. An explanation should be given as to why this policy choice would best solve the problem. The writer should also include an explanation of how this policy recommendation would impact the lives of people.] Appendices [This is where you include any extra material that could be useful in helping the reader to understand the points you make in the policy brief.] Sources [This is where you include references to the sources you used in the preparation of the material.] View or Download this policy brief template in ms word format (.docx) or adobe pdf format (.pdf) for free! Policy Brief Example Policy Paths for Addressing Discrimination in the Public Workplace Executive Summary Example Discrimination in the public workplace is a major problem that has to be addressed. Too many people are being marginalized or oppressed because of discrimination against minorities. This policy brief identifies the problem of discrimination in the public workplace and how it impacts workers. The various options for addressing this issue are: 1) to let every public agency govern itself and address the issues independently of any government body; 2) to enact a new policy that will standardize how discrimination is to be addressed; or 3) to give each agency a set of options on how to address the problem of discrimination. The recommended policy for this issue is to enact a new policy that will standardize how discrimination is to be addressed. Scope of the Problem Example What is the Problem? Discrimination is a major issue in the public workforce. The Civil Rights Act was legislation that made it illegal to discriminate against workers. However, discrimination still occurs under the radar or in ways that are not easily identified. For instance, the wage gap is a problem in the public workforce and is a form of discrimination that has not been addressed in recent years. Men are paid more than women for their labor and this is an issue that can create tension in the workplace and in culture. This is particularly a problem for women in the workforce because they feel unappreciated and undermined when they sense they are being paid less their male counterparts. They feel passed over when it comes to promotions. A sense of inequality within the established order of business can lead to workplace tension, turnover, and instability, which can have profound effects on economy and society. The recent #MeToo movement is a perfect example of how women are using social media to respond to problems they have faced in the workplace. Many companies and personnel have come under fire, including large corporations like Google. Discrimination is therefore a major problem that not only affects workers but also indirectly impacts shareholders. The issue that needs to be addressed by policy makers is this: what can policy makers do to curb discrimination in a practical manner so that stealth discrimination can be mitigated? Policy Options Example The current policy that exists regarding discrimination in the workplace is based on the Civil Rights Act. The policy stipulates that no discrimination against race, gender, ethnicity, age, sex, religion, or disability shall be tolerated in the workplace. It defines each type of discrimination in general terms. However, it does not define different ways in which discrimination against women may take place by way of stealth discrimination—i.e., in ways that are not explicitly stated but are recognized only over time and in minute ways. Kim (2013) has shown that there are a number of options available to address this issue, particularly with respect to discrimination via the gender pay gap. One possibility is to unionize women in the workforce. This would give women the power to negotiate fair wages with companies. The benefit of this option is that would help to reduce discrimination on this front. The drawback is that it might cause problems among corporate leaders who do not like to give up power to unions. Another option would be to support legislation that ensures pay secrecy. The benefit of this legislation would be that it ensures there is no sense of one person being discriminated against in terms of wages. However, it would not guarantee that discrimination would be reduced—and it is also unlikely that earnings are really kept secret, as word inevitably gets out. A third option would be to support stronger affirmative action. This would ensure that every workplace has equality in terms of people of various backgrounds working together. However, this policy approach does not necessarily address the persistent issue of discrimination in terms of the wage gap. Policy Recommendation Example Best Approach The policy recommendation for best addressing this issue is that women be unionized. While this would present certain problems for businesses, it would be the most effective way to address stealth discrimination, which is the main problem that has to be solved today. The union advantage for women is particular strong in that it can ensure that stealth discrimination is reduced as the union will be able to negotiate on behalf of women and make sure that employers are not engaging in any type of stealth discrimination with respect to wages. The union will be able to monitor and assess how every company pays its employees and see to it that fairness and equality are delivered in every instance. The Impact of This Policy This would impact the lives of women in a positive way and provide them with the stability and assurance they require to know they are supported in the workplace and treated with equitability. This policy would also impact the way in which organizations and businesses approach the issue of paying workers. It would likely lead to the total unionization of the workplace and it could possibly end with wages being determined by a third party when all is said and done: yet that would still mean that it is a victory for equality. Already unions help to ensure that women are paid more fairly. As Gould and McNicholas (2017) point out at the Economic Policy Institute, â€Å"working women in unions are paid 94 cents, on average, for every dollar paid to unionized working men, compared with 78 cents on the dollar for non-union women as a share of nonunion men’s dollar. Furthermore, hourly wages for women represented by unions are 23 percent higher than for nonunionized women.† This shows that unions are an effective way to address wage discrimination, which is a form of stealth discrimination that most needs to be eliminated in the workplace. How Business Leaders Can Play a Part The difficulties that business leaders may face in having to deal with the unionization of all women is not so great that it takes away from this solution: however, it would be helpful to get the support of prominent business leaders before enacting this policy. This would show that the business community does in fact support equality in the workplace and that they do want to work together towards achieving a solution primarily by supporting women’s organization and unionization. It would also give business leaders the opportunity to get out in front of the changes and make recommendations and be part of the process overall. Sources Anderson, J., Hegewisch, A. Hayes, J. (2015). The union advantage for women. Institute for Women’s Policy Research. Retrieved from https://iwpr.org/publications/the-union-advantage-for-women/ Gould, E. McNicholas, C. (2017). Unions help narrow the gender wage gap. Retrieved from https://www.epi.org/blog/unions-help-narrow-the-gender-wage-gap/ Kim, M. (2013). Policies to end the gender wage gap in the United States.  Review of  Ã‚  Radical Political Economics,  45(3), 278-283. Conclusion When writing a policy brief, it is important to remember that you are supplying key points to a specific audience to help that reader or group of readers to arrive at the best possible decision they can make in terms of policy. The policy brief should be streamlined and to the point. It is not a research paper that provides all the details expected of such. Rather it is exactly as it sounds—a brief that a policy maker can use to make a decision about the best way to approach a problem or issue. For that reason, every policy brief should be written to address a specific issue or problem. The policy brief writer must have a clear understanding of what the issue is and what factors most impact it. The writer must also have a clear sense of how the various players will be impacted by the recommended policy. Every policy brief should conclude with at least one policy recommendation so the reader can have a sense of which approach is best and why. As always, if you would like help writing your own policy brief, do not hesitate to order your model policy brief today!