The Ethics Of Whistle Blowing Essay - 1261 Words

Whistle-blowing is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical or not correct either private or public within an organization or company. When an individual discovers evidence of malpractice or misconduct in an organization he/ she faces an ethical dilemma in which a decision has to be made. Either present documentation or turn the blind eye and not acknowledge the situation. Such information can be classified as a violation of company policy, rules, and regulations or a threat to public interest, national security, as well as fraud and corruption. Those that choose to become whistle-blowers can disclose their information either internal or external. Internal, whistle-blower is an individual that can bring information or accusations to the attention of other people within the accused company such as a supervisor. The supervisor then has to follow protocol and procedures to address the issue. However, if the supervisor cannot contain the issue, it will escalate to a higher level of management. External whistle-blowing allegations are bought forth by involving outside third party such as media, law enforcement and government. Internal whistle-blowing within an organization involves over 75 % of employees of wrong doings such as vandalism, absenteeism and damages. Even though several companies detect some misbehavior within the company, whistle-blowing was first presented as an ethical issue over more than 20 years ago. ManyShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Whistle Blowing Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesWhistle-blowing Whistle-blowing is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical or not correct either private or public within an organization or company. When an individual discovers evidence of malpractice or misconduct in an organization he/ she faces an ethical dilemma in which a decision has to be made. Either present documentation or turn the blind eye and not acknowledge the situation. Such information can be classified as a violation of companyRead MoreWhistle-Blowing: Enron Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesWhistle blowing is an act to disclose an organizational wrongdoing to parties that can take action. Sherron Watkins was the vice president of Enron Corporation that became a whistle blower in 2001. She sent an anonymous memo to Enron Chairman Kenneth Lay regarding the misstatements on the financial report. Enron hired lawyers from Vinson Elkins to do an investigation on the financial misstatement allegations (Ackman, 2002). According to the me mo from the investigations, after Watkins identifiedRead MoreCultural Relativism and Whistleblowing869 Words   |  4 PagesExplain using the ethics of cultural relativism the advantages and disadvantages of whistle blowing Cultural relativism is the principle regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself (Chegg.com: 2012). It is the concept that the importance of a particular cultural idea varies from one society or societal subgroup to another and that ethical and moral standards are relative to what a particular society or culture believes to be good or bad, rightRead MoreThe Foundation Of Morals And Ethics992 Words   |  4 PagesThe foundation of morals and ethics are guides to human behavior stemming from our intrinsic disposition as social creatures. Morals are defined as â€Å"social elements that tend to have greater social value in accordance with standards of right and wrong† and ethics as the â€Å"study of problems which seeks to discover how one ought to act† (PhilosophyLander Edu). As social creatures the fear of rejection or being judged as an outcast is frightening. This drives us to become a conformist avoiding the fe elingRead MoreThe Foundation For Morals And Ethics991 Words   |  4 PagesThe foundation for morals and ethics are guides to human behavior stemming from our intrinsic disposition as social creatures. Morals are defined as â€Å"social elements that tend to have greater social value accordance with standards of right and wrong† and ethics as the â€Å"study of problems which seeks to discover how one ought to act† (PhilosophyLander Edu). As social creatures the fear of rejection or being judged as an outcast is frightening. This drives us to become conformist avoiding the feelingRead MoreWhistleblowing Case1640 Words   |  7 Pagesof contention. Liska says he was trying to fulfill his duty to the company by raising a red flag about the cellphone unit’s projections. Motorola says Liska knew he was on his way out, and he tried to extort the company by setting himself up as a whistle-blower who was being fired for speaking out. Another famous whistleblowing case is the case of WikiLeaks.2 WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organization which aims to publish online submissions of classified information, news leaks 3 fromRead MoreBusiness Ethics : A Stakeholder And Issues Management Approach925 Words   |  4 Pages The other two types of whistle blowing that occur are personal and impersonal, where the wrongdoing is be done upon the whistle blower and impersonal where harm is observed upon another. In many cases whistle blowing is believed to occur when an employee’s loyalty or attachment is in opposition to their job commitment and job satisfaction. When whistle blowing happens it may have a detrimental effect on relationships between the whistleblower and their co-workers. This can create enemies betweenRead MoreEthics Leadership Comparison Matrix Paper1272 Words   |  6 Pages Comparison Matrix Paper Ethics Leadership Jennifer M. Howard Grand Canyon University: LDR 800 February 22, 2012 INTRODUCTION This paper compares three empirical articles about ethical leadership practices that relate to the use of ethical power, authority, persuasion, and/or motivation. Article one was entitled â€Å"The relationship between ethical leadershipRead MoreWhistle-Blowing In The Workplace Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesWhistle-blowing in the workplace: Do we stand by and allow business corruption as usual or prepare to take a fall for something? It sometimes requires uncommon courage, as whistle-blowing in the workplace is not so easy to do. What motivates you? Is it revenge, ethics or a combination? To take a closer look, let’s consider what is whistle blowing and explore a few conditions used to justify whistle-blowing, and concluded with how companies can benefit from a whistle-blowing policy. What isRead MoreEthical Norms Of The Workplace Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagesare times when an employee finds themselves in an ethical dilemma, unable to comply with these mandates and are forced to take actions that are in direct opposition of them. When faced with this situation an employee may make the choice to blow the whistle, either internally or externally, or to remain silent and become an observer of this misguided behavior. Studies have shown that nearly half of employees that are aware of wrongdoing choose to remain silent (MacGregor Steubs, 2014). You may wonder

Poverty Affects Quality Of Life, Well Being, And Health

Poverty negatively impacts quality of life, well-being, and health. In 2015, it was estimated that 21.6% of the Philippine population was in poverty (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016). 8.1% were facing extreme poverty and were below the minimum income required to meet basic food needs (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016). Most of the poor in the Philippines live in rural areas and work in the agriculture sector, mainly farming and fishing (Dy-Liacco, 2014). The poorest families often have low education, limited access to electricity, water and toilet facilities, and limited access to health services (Dy-Liacco, 2014). Urban poverty has also been increasing. Cities have not been able to keep up with the rapid growth of urban†¦show more content†¦The Philippines affords them no protection. The Aeta have become extremely nomadic due to social and economic strain on their culture and way of life that had remained unchanged for thousands of years (Original People Organiza tion, 2012). Emic vs. Etic As an outsider looking in at the poverty situation among the Aeta people, I have a very different perspective that is influenced by where I come from. I am a white, Canadian female who has never experienced poverty. I have easy access to grocery stores, health services, and education. I do not have to worry about malnutrition, contaminated water, natural disasters, or my land being taken away. This has been the Aeta way of life for thousands of years. They do not know what it is like to not live in poverty. It is difficult to know how an Aeta person would view their situation in terms of poverty. Do they describe their lifestyle as simple and sustainable even though they are technically considered to be living in poverty? Eli Khamarov once stated that, â€Å"Poverty is like punishment for a crime you did not commit.† The millions of people in the Philippines did not choose to live in poverty and they did not do anything to deserve to live in poverty. In contrast, I did not do anything to deserve to not live in poverty. Those who are born into poverty are immediately disadvantaged and we are not all given the equal opportunity to be healthy when we are born. The Philippine government’sShow MoreRelatedPoverty Is A Form Material Disadvantage Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pages Bradshaw (2015) uses term child poverty to refer to the children who lack material resources. There are two forms of Poverty. One is coined ‘absolute poverty’. Where there is a definite shortage of available resources and it is about the same for everyone in that society. The other is ‘relative poverty’ is a form material disadvantage. This occurs when some their people do not meet the accepted standard of living that their government sets. 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The impact of poverty has on a child depends on many factors for instance community features ( crime rate in neighborhood and school characteristics) and the individuals present in the child’s life like their parents, neighbors, or relatives. It is clear that schools andRead MoreEconomic Poverty970 Words   |  4 Pageswhether human progress tends to reduce world poverty, tends to increase world povert y, or tends to leave world poverty unchanged; different economists have reached different conclusions. And their different conclusions have impacted strongly on how governments and others approach poverty, and on how poverty is dealt with or not dealt with. Even after Hurricane Katrina and the devastation left in its wake exposed to public eye the shocking levels of poverty in the mostly African-American neighborhoodsRead MoreThe World Health Organization ( Ngo )1271 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The World Health Organization (WHO) has created an agenda for 2030. Within this agenda there are seventeen sustainable developmental goals (SDG) that aim to transform our world. These goals are to be met through numerous different means, government policies, public change, non-government organizations (NGO) and a variety of other ways. NGO’s are a large way to help meet these goals and impact the world for the better. LRBT, an NGO that focuses on eye care for those who live in PakistanRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And How It Is And Will Further Effect Canadian Communities1183 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper will discuss a particular social determinant of health and how it is and will further effect Canadian communities. The reason for this assignment is to critically examine the article â€Å"Confronting what makes us sick† by Ryan Meili that discusses the social determinants of health that tend to make Canadians sick, in the format of an analytic essay. The issue that is being argued is the inequality of rights among Canadians. The issue that will be the main source of multipleRead MorePoor Living Conditions Essay976 Words   |  4 Pages1010 July 27, 2013 Professor Long Poor Living Conditions Affects Children While most people live their day to day life, there are some children living in poverty. Living in these types of living conditions can influence the mental health of a child. Children living in poor quality environments can be a lasting effect on their life. Adults are often affected by poor living conditions because of the financial strain on them; not being able to provide for their families. Children will be affectedRead MoreChild Poverty877 Words   |  4 PagesCHILD POVERTY For the purpose of this assignment I shall be discussing what child poverty is, the factors of child poverty in the United Kingdom and how child poverty will be tackled. In the UK families have a prime responsibility to nurture and care for their children through various development stages (UNICEF 2012 ). 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We believe that there is a direct link between socioeconomic/social class and health (Adler et al. 1994). I will be defining the key terms: socioeconomic and health, social class then proceed to discuss about how poverty, income, employability, environment and housing can impact on a person’s social situation and their health. Socioeconomic status is a term used to weigh up a person’s/family social

Nutritional Labeling Consumer Buy Behavior â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Impact Of Nutritional Labeling On The Consumer Buying Behavior? Answer: Introduction Labeling is the statement which is printed, written or graphic matter in any packaging like container or wrappers and also part of the packaging of the product. The seller or the manufactures of the product always make sure that the product has a proper labeling and tag attached where the detail information of the product is given (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). The labeling of the product is carrying their brand name of manufacturing and sometimes the consumer prefers to looks for the brand name before they buy the food products. The labeling is not only providing the information of the product but also help to establish the market value according to the commodities to highly processed, value-added products (Grunert, Hieke and Wills 2014). The nutrients defines the food value of the product whether those products are healthy to eat and help to keep track on the different food nutrients like fat and sugar, sodium and fiber, protein and carbohydrates. Therefore, when the consumers are buying the product it helps them to understand about the best food values for better and healthier diet (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). Nutritional labeling is important for the seller because it effects on the consumer purchase behavior regarding the products and their nutrients values (Hersey et al. 2013). When consumer finds in the labeling that the food is unhealthy, then they never buy the product. The more presence of nutrients level is increasing in the food products and they mentioned about it in the labeling, more the consumers will prefer to buy the products from the food market. Consumers are always beliefs on the labeling on the food product where they can look for nutrients and get to know about nutrients values because cons umers has a better selection of money. Project Objective The consumer behavior is depends on the nutritional labeling of the food products because the value of the food nutrients will help them to judge healthy foods. It was also found in several researches that 70% consumers are nowadays looks for the nutrients value in the package labeling. Consumers are suffering from the several diseases so whenever they are looking for healthy foods they focused on the nutrients level on the labeling because no one will examine the food quality personally but must depends on the nutrients levels in labeling (Hersey et al. 2013). Therefore the consumer behavior must change according to their impact on their health and wellness. It has always been found that the consumer buying behavior always depends on the quality of the food products which also influenced on the economic, cultural, and psychological and lifestyle factors of the human life (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). In many countries and states it has been found that the nutrient value of food depends on the growth of the children especially in the rural areas. However, in the recent globalized decades it has been found that consumers are become more aware about the demand for high value food products like fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, eggs and fish. Therefore, when they are buying products from the market they must look for the equal nutrients value from every packaged food which they get directly from fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, eggs and fish(Grunert, Hieke and Wills 2014). In several research it has been found that the food value and expire dates are always checked by the consumers before they buy the products. In was also have found that the 26% of consumers are always looks for expire dates and compare foods whereas, 16% of the consumers looks for the nutrients value of the food products. The other 18% of consumers looked only for the brand name on the labeling of the food products. And the rest of the consumers never think to check the nutrients level of the food product because of technical complications, time consuming, unreliability and inconsistency. Therefore it is the duty of the manufacturers to mention every details of the nutrients value in the food products for the awareness of food safety (Hersey et al. 2013). Project Scope The consumers always depend on the several TV commercial to know the food value or a minimum overlook on the packaging of the food products. They also collect information from internet, friends, books or magazines. Therefore it is the duty of the manufacturer to focus on the commercial and the packaging of the food products. The consumers always look for the information where they feel that the presence of nutrient value may increase their health risk. However, there are not many theoretical or guidelines for increasing the nutritional labeling on food items (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). In several researches it has been found that male consumers are less aware about the nutritional value of the food product rather those female consumers. Therefore when the female consumers go to market for buying foods they look for the nutrients level in the food packaging. When the nutrients label in packaging of the food increase the value of selling then it is the duty of the manufactures that they should always mentioned about the nutrient charts in the labeling. The consumers search also depends on individually according to their characters like sex, age, education, household size, special diet status and monthly income (Hersey et al. 2013). In this research it was also found that according to the needs of the customer they choose their food. More of them look for the nutrients chart or some customers never bothered about the charts rather than the brand name or the packaging of the food products. Therefore in the marketing management it is important that when any manufacturer company want to increase their business value then they first need to attract more consumers through several TV commercials and the packaging of the products where not only the included the nutrients value but also help to become more healthy (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). In this above image it has details of the several nutrients value of the food products. Here several of nutrients has been mentioned which is helpful for the customers who are buying the foods. The details of quantity of various nutrients levels help to the consumers to understand which product will be best for their health (Hersey et al. 2013). (Grunert, Hieke and Wills 2014) In this fig: 2 details of how many customers buying the products according to the nutrients level has been showed. It is one of the most valued chart has been displayed which will be helpful for the product manufacturer that they will know the importance of putting the nutrients chart in the labeling. It is the duty of the manufacture that they will make the best relationship with the consumers by providing them several helpful ways to find the best food products for them (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). Therefore it is the aim of this research paper to give outcomes of the labeling of nutrient values in the food packaging and as well as maintain the best relationship with the consumers. Literature Review The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) in the United States of America (USA) thinks that the labeling of the food nutrients value in the packaging help to attract the consumers and also helps to the manufacturers get the best value in the marketing. The nutrient level helps to understand the consumers about the nutritional properties of a food. According to Centre for Food Safety in Hong Kong they think it is a systemic way to give details of the nutrients value of the food (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). The nutrients label uses a proper fact where nutrition information, nutrition fact or nutrition labels is defines. The nutrients label helps a customer to select from several products and also helps them to encourage about the healthy products (Hersey et al. 2013). The nutrients label can be define in three ways which includes the following: The food labels which includes the tag, brand, mark, pictorial or other descriptive matter, written, printed, stenciled, marked, painted, embossed of the company for ant foods The nutritional details which include food label declaring the amount of nutrients contained in the foods. The nutritional label where the nutrients levels have been displayed according to the nutrients facts of the food values. The nutrients is the simple facts and details about the healthy diet by how the customer keep tracks that how much of nutrients like fat and sugar, sodium and fiber, protein and carbohydrates they are getting from the foods. Therefore not only the decoration of the packaging depends but also the nutrient values or label help to the customer to buy foods because they are aware about their health (Hersey et al. 2013). By providing a nutritional label in the food packaging assists the customer in making healthier choice (Grunert, Hieke and Wills 2014). The food nutrients level affects three basis things which are: The basic food product information helps the consumer to know the nutrient value of the food and how it will effect to their health. The details of the nutrients labeling also help to those patient who are under any medical treatment or any difficulties (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). Marketing and advertising is another important strategy for the manufacturer of the food products. The food products which has more details about the nutrient value, the consumer will prefer to buy those products rather that the products which has less information. Several advertisement or the TV commercials also help them to get more attentions from the consumers who are preferred healthier nutrient value foods (Hersey et al. 2013). Healthy and nutritional safety is the most important factor of the labeling of the foods. The more nutrients value will make the food healthier. The risk factors of the food industry also depend in the healthy and nutritional safety because without the packaging of the food products it is not possible to sell them. The nutrients charts carry the details of the manufacturing and the dates show the consumer when it has been made and how long it will safe for them to keep it. Therefore the nutrients safety is more important for the consumers (Hersey et al. 2013) (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017) The food packaging not only displayed the nutrient level of the food products but also it includes the direction of use of the product because sometimes wrong use of foods makes the unhealthy impacts. The nutritional informational panel where the different types of nutrients use in the food has been included. The ingredients which are used for the processing of the food and their values also includes in the packaging (Hersey et al. 2013). The most important is the date for the use of the product also mentioned in the labeling. The brand name, product name and the contact details of the manufacture also included in the labeling (Grunert, Hieke and Wills 2014). It is important to mention every detail of the products because it will help the manufacturer company to attract the consumers and the consumers will also know every little detail about the product before they buy the products from the markets. In the fig: 5 it is a picture of a food product where the details of the labeling has been given (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). The details of the food labeling is important because the consumers response on the food labeling information. If any products labeling carry the various information about the nutrient levels then the consumers beliefs on the products which help the manufacturer in their marketing business. In a research it has been found that the female consumers are more concern before they buying the food products (Font-i-Furnols and Guerrero 2014). According to the gender specification male consumers are looks for the products where the information on health risk, size of serving an indication of vegetarian or non-vegetarian specifications has been given. However the females are look more concerned before buying the product about the price of product, best before and expiry dates, nutrient information list and information on use or preparation methods (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). Therefore it can be stated that when someone buying the food products always make their concerns of buying the p roducts (Hersey et al. 2013). It has been found that the traditional roles of female consumers are the gatekeeper of household food choices and purchases could motivate their interest in food labels of the food products. Furthermore, their responsibility towards the well-being of their family also creates an awareness of the nutritional content of food because the more nutrients mean a healthier life (Grunert, Hieke and Wills 2014). In another study it has been found that the buying the food product cording to the nutrients labeling depends on the individual characteristics of the consumers. According to the age, gender and education they buy the food like the consumers who are young are little conscious about the nutrients values because they buy the products which they like the most whereas, the middle age consumers are always looks for the foods which has the more nutrients (Font-i-Furnols and Guerrero 2014). The female consumers are more aware rather than the male consumers about the nutrient labeling. Education is one of the main factors to know about the nutrient of the foods. So when a person is educated and has a minimum knowledge about the nutrient always looks for the nutrients in the food labeling whereas, those who has no knowledge about the nutrients factors may avoid the nutrition labeling. They can pick any food products which they like to buy (Hersey et al. 2013). According to the situational, behavioral and attitudinal factor consumers can buy the foods which includes income because according to the income of the consumers they are buying nutrients food (Font-i-Furnols and Guerrero 2014). According to working status consumers having their foods like the workers used to have food which is heavy meal but the corporate people are more conscious about their health, therefore they use light meal food which has more nutrients value. Some of the consumers like to shop more and the special diet consumers always prefer to check the nutrient labeling in the food packaging (Hersey et al. 2013). Diet-health awareness and organic buyers always search food according the most nutrient value products (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). The household like underage or preschool children, married consumers, and household size buy food according to their needs. The meal planners have found the food with high calories because they prefer the tests more rather than the healthy values (Grunert, Hieke and Wills 2014) (Font-i-Furnols and Guerrero 2014). Conclusion According to the above study, it can be concluded that consumers use the nutrients labeling when they decides to buy some food and awareness of healthy benefits. In some research it has also been found that some consumers are agrees to pay extra charges for the nutritional information provided on food items. In additionally it also included that the consumers who are on special dietary status such as diabetics, or heart disease, or vegetarian want to spend more money for nutrients labeling. In the analysis of the research paper it has also been found that consumers search on the food product also depends on individually according to their characters like sex, age, education, household size, special diet status and monthly income (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen 2017). Accordingly, it could be stated that incorporation of a nutritional panel on the package would enhance the demand for the local food products and it would be an appropriate strategic task for the local food processors. Thereby, these local producers could compete with the other products with nutritional labels and also it would be an ideal strategy in penetrating export markets where the nutritional panel is a legal requirement (Font-i-Furnols and Guerrero 2014). It is noted that both rural and urban consumer have different level of awareness regarding the nutritional labeling. By the use of the nutrients labeling helps us to make the awareness better and helps to get the healthier life. Reference List Andrews, J.C., Lin, C.T.J., Levy, A.S. and Lo, S., 2014, May. Consumer research needs from the food and drug administration on front-of-package nutritional labeling. American Marketing Association. Cannoosamy, K., Pugo-Gunsam, P. and Jeewon, R., 2014. Consumer knowledge and attitudes toward nutritional labels. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 46(5), pp.334-340. Feldmann, C. and Hamm, U., 2015. Consumers perceptions and preferences for local food: A review. Food Quality and Preference, 40, pp.152-164. Font-i-Furnols, M. and Guerrero, L., 2014. Consumer preference, behavior and perception about meat and meat products: An overview. Meat Science, 98(3), pp.361-371. Gesser-Edelsburg, A., Endevelt, R., Zemach, M. and Tirosh-Kamienchick, Y., 2015. Food consumption and nutritional labeling among immigrants to Israel from the former Soviet Union. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 17(2), pp.459-466. Gregori, D., Ballali, S., Vgele, C., Galasso, F., Widhalm, K., Berchialla, P. and Baldi, I., 2015. What is the value given by consumers to nutritional label information? Results from a large investigation in Europe. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 34(2), pp.120-125. Grunert, K.G., Hieke, S. and Wills, J., 2014. Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and use. Food Policy, 44, pp.177-189. Hawley, K.L., Roberto, C.A., Bragg, M.A., Liu, P.J., Schwartz, M.B. and Brownell, K.D., 2013. The science on front-of-package food labels. Public health nutrition, 16(3), pp.430-439. Hersey, J.C., Wohlgenant, K.C., Arsenault, J.E., Kosa, K.M. and Muth, M.K., 2013. Effects of front?of?package and shelf nutrition labeling systems on consumers. Nutrition reviews, 71(1), pp.1-14. Kiszko, K.M., Martinez, O.D., Abrams, C. and Elbel, B., 2014. The influence of calorie labeling on food orders and consumption: a review of the literature. Journal of community health, 39(6), pp.1248-1269. Long, M.W., Tobias, D.K., Cradock, A.L., Batchelder, H. and Gortmaker, S.L., 2015. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of restaurant menu calorie labeling. American Journal of Public Health (ajph). Newman, C.L., Howlett, E. and Burton, S., 2014. Shopper response to front-of-package nutrition labeling programs: potential consumer and retail store benefits. Journal of Retailing, 90(1), pp.13-26. Nuttavuthisit, K. and Thgersen, J., 2017. The importance of consumer trust for the emergence of a market for green products: The case of organic food. Journal of Business Ethics, 140(2), pp.323-337. US Food and Drug Administration, 2014. Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) Requirements (8/942/95). Retrieved April, 16, p.2014.

The Market Valuation and Research

Question: Discuss about the market valuation and Research. Answer: Rio Tinto Share Valuation: Depicting the price in which share is purchased in July 2012 and stating the holding period return if shares are sold in November 2016: Particulars Value Purchase price of Rio Tinto in July 2012 $53.20 Income ($0.6851 + $1.85 + $2.23 + $2.98 + $2.11) = $9.86 Capital Gain ($57.75 $53.20) = $4.55 Holding period return after November 2016 (Income + Capital Gain) / Beginning investment Holding period return ($9.86 + $4.55) / $53.20 Holding period return 27.08% Calculating the Expected return on Rio Tinto shares over the period: Particulars Value Government yield (Rf) 2.50% ASX200 expected return (Rm) 10% Rio Tintos beta () 1.3 Expected return Rf + (Rm-Rf) Expected return 2.50% + 1.3 * (10% - 2.50%) Expected return 2.50% + 1.3 * 7.50% Expected return 2.50% + 0.975 Expected return 12.25% Depicting the reason behind change in Rio Tintos dividend policy and providing relevant theoretical knowledge of how change has influenced its share price: The major reason behind the change in dividend policy of Rio Tinto was due to the decline in net profits achieved by the company during 2015 fiscal year. In addition, the overall change in dividend policy of the company negatively reflected in its share price. Moreover, the overall share price of the company mainly fell around 2.65% within two days after the announcement of change in dividend policy. Travlos, Trigeorgis and Vafeas (2015) mentioned that change in expected dividend of the company mainly increases disappointment among investors, which initiates mass sell orders. Furthermore, the Rio Tinto had to change the overall dividend policy due to the overall decline in iron ore prices in the commodity market. On the other hand, Frantisek and Pavel (2015) criticises that dividend policy mainly reduces its friction if the overall performance of the company is not up to the mark of investors. Moreover, Rio Tinto has mainly adopted relevant dividend policy method, as it might help in depicting the overall valuation of the company. In addition, the adoption of relevant theory mainly helps the company to change its overall dividends according to the overall profits generated on the fiscal year. Deshmukh, Goel and Howe (2013) mentioned that due to the impact of relevant dividend theory model investors are mainly able to derive the overall fundamental evaluation of the company. Furthermore, some companies for reducing the overall divined paid to their investors mainly use irrelevant dividend theory. Thus, the overall change in share price of Rio Tinto mainly depicts the impact of relevant divined policy, which is affected by companys overall dividend growth. Providing relevant advice to Donald for investing in Rio Tintos shares: Required rate of return 20% Dividend $ 2.9680 Growth rate 1st to 3rd year 3% Growth rate 4th and 8th year 8% Particulars Formula Amount D1 $ 2.9680 * 103 $ 3.0570 D2 $ 3.0570 * 103 $ 3.1488 D3 $ 3.1488 * 103 $ 3.2432 D4 $ 3.2432 * 108 $ 3.5027 D5 $ 3.5027 * 108 $ 3.7829 D6 $ 3.7829 * 108 $ 4.0855 D7 $ 4.0855 * 108 $ 4.4124 D8 $ 4.4124 * 108 $ 4.7653 P8 (D*(1+g))/ (R - g) (4.7653*(1+8%))/(20%-8%) $ 23.8267 Particulars Amount Discounting value Present value D1 $ 3.0570 0.833333333 $ 2.55 D2 $ 3.1488 0.694444444 $ 2.19 D3 $ 3.2432 0.578703704 $ 1.88 D4 $ 3.5027 0.482253086 $ 1.69 D5 $ 3.7829 0.401877572 $ 1.52 D6 $ 4.0855 0.334897977 $ 1.37 D7 $ 4.4124 0.279081647 $ 1.23 D8 $ 4.7653 0.232568039 $ 1.11 P8 $ 23.8267 0.232568039 $ 5.54 Total Value $ 19.07 Current Share price $ 59.55 Loss $ 40.48 After the evaluation of the overall table a loss in value of shares is mainly identified, which could hamper the overall return of Donald. The finial and interim dividend of Rio Tinto for the year 2015, $2.968 is mainly used, as valuation on single interim dividend was not appropriate. In addition, current share price of Rio Tinto is mainly at 59.55 as of December 19, 2016. Investment in Rio Tinto could mainly increase loss of Donald by $40.48 per share, thus it is advised not to invest in the company. Andriosopoulos and Lasfer (2015) mentioned that dividend discount model mainly depicts the fundamental share price value of the company, which might differ from market valuation. Furthermore, seeing the drastic loss in valuation after 8 years it is not advisable for Donald to invest in Rio Tinto as it might reduce the overall investment capital. However, the high-expected return on such investment has mainly degraded the overall future valuation of the company. In addition, the actual expected return of the company is mainly at 12.25%, which could appreciate the overall share price of the company. Depicting Rio Tintos share price at the end of three years: Required rate of return 20% Dividend $ 2.9680 Growth rate 1st to 3rd year 3% Particulars Formula Amount D1 $ 2.9680 * 103 $ 3.0570 D2 $ 3.0570 * 103 $ 3.1488 D3 $ 3.1488 * 103 $ 3.2432 P3 (D*(1+g))/ (R - g) (3.2432 *(1+3%))/(20%-3%) $ 29.1889 Particulars Amount Discounting value Present value D1 $ 3.0570 0.833333333 $ 2.55 D2 $ 3.1488 0.694444444 $ 2.19 D3 $ 3.2432 0.578703704 $ 1.88 P3 $ 19.6501 0.578703704 $ 16.89 Total Value $ 23.50 Current Share price $ 59.55 Loss $ 36.05 From the evaluation of above tables, share price of Rio Tinto after three years could effectively be identified. This evaluation mainly depicts the loss in overall valuation of share price due to a steady increase of 3% in dividends each year. Moreover, the low dividend growth is accompanied with higher expected return, which is mainly degrading the overall future return from the company. In addition, according to the dividend discount model overall growth in dividend is not adequate, which could help in improving future prices of Rio Tinto. Gleason, Bruce and Li (2013) mentioned that low dividend growth and high expected return of investors mainly degrade the overall fundamental share price valuation of the company. Reference and Bibliography: Andriosopoulos, D. and Lasfer, M., 2015. The market valuation of share repurchases in Europe.Journal of Banking Finance,55, pp.327-339. Asx.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/asx/share-price-research/company/RIO/statistics/shares [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Blum, A., 2016.Equity valuation in China: the case of Baidu(Doctoral dissertation). Cumming, D. and Hou, W., 2014. Valuation of restricted shares by conflicting shareholders in the Split Share Structure Reform.The European Journal of Finance,20(7-9), pp.778-802. Deshmukh, S., Goel, A.M. and Howe, K.M., 2013. 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